Andorra
Score: 47
Small is not always beautiful. This micro-nation in the Pyrenees is "set in a very scenic area but seems to be a huge outlet mall." The villages survive as a repository of "social and cultural integrity"—perhaps the new foundation for overall sustainability.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"While upper reaches remain pristine, the valley is cluttered with tax-free stores, congestion, and overdevelopment."
"Has serious traffic problems, but keeps an atmosphere of a mountainous mini-state, with a flavor of both France and Spain. Outside main centers lies surprisingly unspoiled nature. The worst situation is at the ski resorts."
"The government seems to have the right intentions to make sustainable tourism a priority, but the country's size and contours don't lend themselves to the number of tourists they are targeting. The capital is not particularly attractive and suffers from traffic and characterless construction."
Austria: Salzburg Historic Center
Score: 72
Mozart's hometown wins applause from our panel for its "attractive" pedestrian center, well-preserved architecture, and "genteel culture with echoes of classical music all around." Sour notes are sounded about seasonal crowding and Mozart overkill.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Stunning destination, where history, culture, and heritage of the city are well-preserved and well-presented. Sites are accessible. Buildings, streets, and parklands are maintained in pristine condition. Satisfying mixture of buildings and music. Friendly, helpful locals who take pride in their city."
"Historic center is in very good condition with regard to both building heritage and ecology. Problems rest in the social integration of tourism. The center has more or less turned into a stage set for tourism business with almost no connection to urban life."
"The city's center, castle, and surrounding houses, including the place for the Salzburg seminar, are worth a visit, as is the puppet theatre."
"Salzburg is historic, and hip. The Salzburg tourist machine is well-oiled; who wouldn't listen to an elderly Austrian museum guard? Salzburg Castle, Mozart's birthplace, and the other attractions are in no danger of melting away. Architectural sustainability is built in."
Belgium: Bruges Historic Center
Score: 75
A marvel of historic preservation that seems to bring 16th-century Flemish culture to life. Bruges is "sublime—a walking city of great charm and exuberance." Still, tourists at times can overpower the sense of a living city.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"A cultural touchstone that is true to Belgian heritage. Beyond individual structures, the whole of the "district" retains a compelling cultural vista."
"Top of the list of 'must-see destinations in Belgium,' but there certainly are signs of overcrowding in the core tourist area. As competition grows with other historic cities, the dependence on tourism might become problematic. The cultural policy of the town is aiming at diversification, with a modern concert hall (contested by some, but highly appreciated by others)."
"A treasure of 15th- and 16th-century structures and city design. Visitors are treated to a number of opportunities to learn about Bruges, mostly by walking the streets. Scale of the city is the most striking feature; it is on a human scale."
"Bruges is lovely, maintaining an almost museum-like quality. This is both good and bad. The architectural resources appear to be in excellent condition. But the city center lacks the feeling of authenticity, of being an actual living city, that nearby Ghent maintains. The town is nearly overwhelmed by tourists, especially on the weekends, but overall the city center is in excellent condition and looks to remain so."
Croatia: Dalmatia's Coastal Isles
Score: 66
The appealing medieval towns, "splendid landscapes," unspoiled waters, and deeply rooted local traditions escaped ruin during the Balkan War. But mass-scale tourism, especially cruise ships, poses new challenges.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"High environmental and ecological quality. Coped very well with reconstruction after the recent conflict, although there are tangible signs of the conflict on a number of buildings. The reconstruction work at Dubrovnik is exemplary. Some of the tourism infrastructure is outdated (communist-era large hotels), but generally high-quality manmade and natural environment with huge potential."
"Well-maintained national parks and coastline. Over-touristed in the summer. Too many cruises and European car holidayers; visitors must get away from the coast for any cultural integrity. Nice selection of historic buildings. Development is out of control. There is an awareness of the importance of sustainability, but I fear the coast is already overwhelmed by money and crass commercialism, and the spillover to the interior threatens it, too."
"Character of each island varies, often from resort to resort. Some are overdeveloped, with large, self-contained resort complexes located some distance from the main local communities. On others, development is much more low key. Island of Mljet is an example of well-managed development, with a strong focus on informing and enthusing visitors about the quality of the local environment."
"Now in better condition after coming out of the old Yugoslavia. Some fine historic towns, such as Rab. Decent ferry service. All locals are keen to be Croatian now; the Yugoslav period is over and not recalled fondly. Splendid landscapes; stewardship seems secure."
Czech Republic: Prague Old Town
Score: 62
This gem of a European city struggles with "a rapid oversaturation of tourists." The old city still enchants but increasingly has become a "tourist ghetto" as locals "are pushed out" by high prices and the sense that it is no longer theirs.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Prague is a magnificent, historic city. Yet, the encroachment of modern buildings on the periphery of the historic center threatens the setting. Also, there are so many tourists that it is sometimes impossible to experience the city in a positive way."
"Although the buildings and charm of the architecture have been well maintained, the city's natural charm is being lost as more and more crass tourist shops open, and lower-spending tourist groups, such as bachelor parties, use Prague as a destination."
"Recalling early visits is wishful thinking. The unrestrained tourism has led to a change in the character of the place, from one where it was difficult to find a glass of wine in the early 1990s to one where cafés—mainly pizza places—spill over into the streets and squares. Handbags must be placed on tables. The very real threat of petty crime spoils the experience. The Charles Bridge epitomizes the changes, with street sellers and crowds most of the year."
"Stunning architecture and townscape characteristics combined with cheap prices have turned the center of Prague into a tourist honey pot. Tourism and the associated development pressures have had a significant impact on the historic center, its conservation, and townscape character. Throughout the old town restaurants have claimed the pavements, not in scattered café tables, but with exclusive built-up structures, large planters, awnings, etc. Most notably, the local community has been pushed out of the center, which has become no longer affordable to live in or desirable to socialize in."
Denmark: Central Copenhagen
Score: 72
"The world could learn a lot from Copenhagen." A world leader in sustainable urban development and a mecca for bicyclists, "it is walkable, historic, charming, with lots to see and do." Crowds and litter are by-products of the city's increasing popularity.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Walkable, historic, and charming while also being vibrant and economically successful. Copenhagen has the highest percentage of bicycle commuters in the world, a low-rise skyline that is rare in a world of look-alike glass and steel skyscrapers, an abundance of parks and green spaces, cutting-edge energy efficiency standards, and lots of things to see and do. The world could learn a lot from Copenhagen. Copenhagen appeals to travelers of all ages and with a variety of interests. This beautiful, clean, and friendly city is one of my favorite places to visit. Two things come to mind when I think of Copenhagen: bicycles and historic architecture. Tourists are made to feel welcome both in businesses and by the local people."
"High aesthetic appeal; while quite overcrowded in the center (with residents and locals), it functions well given the separation of cars, pedestrians, and cyclists. Easy city to navigate, and information is easily accessible. The central part is not an isolated bubble—local people live and work there."
"A trip back to the 17th century with its many historic sites, Denmark demonstrates its modernity in its commitment to the environment, but the charm is in its rich European heritage. Special museums make world-famous artists come alive. The people are respectful of tourists and helpful when requested."
"One of the most charming destinations in the Mediterranean," the island of Corsica contends with ballooning numbers of summer-time visitors, yet manages them relatively well. This is because the notoriously free-spirited Corsicans are "very much involved in tourism and very friendly," but "inherently suspicious of any development."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"A splendid island; mountainous, spectacular. We went about by the little train. The historic cities, such as Ajaccio and Bastia, are fine and well-kept. Napoleon is omnipresent, especially in Ajaccio: four large statues within 800 miles, we reckoned. Good food, friendly people. The FLNC struggle for independence is still there, as much graffiti testifies."
"One of the most spectacular parts of the island are the walking trails in the mountainous interior; well-marked, virtually no pollution, and a strong sense of visitor responsibility. The beaches, although lacking adequate facilities for the number of visitors, were similarly respected."
"In early spring, the island was quiet and calm and ruggedly beautiful. But the level of tourism development was surprising, suggesting that the island could be overcrowded in the height of summer."
"Thank goodness Corsica is not a well-known destination! With the exception of August, there is plenty of room for visitors. Although there are a few overdeveloped spots along the southeast coast, there are many, many spots that respect and reflect the island's extremely varied terrain and heritage. There does not appear to be a real consciousness of sustainability principles in the countryside; however, towns and cities have initiated projects to improve sewage treatment and waste disposal. The pristine nature of the countryside owes a lot to the character of the native Corsicans, who are inherently suspicious of any development."
"There are lots of tourists in this coastal region of France, but they don't overwhelm the little towns. The coastline and the agricultural landscapes are spectacular." Key drivers include a strong sense of local character and strong regional management practices.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Retains a very strong sense of place and a well-promoted local identity that add value to the visitor experience. Feels quintessentially French, but with a distinctive local twist. The easy availability of quality and locally produced food and drink is a key element to this strong local character."
"Wonderful mix of ancient and recent historical significance. Seems as if significant attention is paid to the nature of tourism development and the natural environment. Restorations are well done and authentic character is mostly preserved."
"Congestion is an issue in July and August. Otherwise a sustainable tourist destination, with a greater emphasis on the protection of the natural environment than on the protection of the cultural integrity of the towns. Patron-saint celebrations ("pardons") and music festivals are the main evidence of the special Brittany culture."
"The focus on family tourism, much of it from France itself, may well have played a key role in maintaining the character and traditions of this region."
France: French Riviera (Côte d'Azur)
Score: 55
No one goes here to get back to nature, but the worsening traffic jams, ugly new construction, and sky-high prices are dismaying. Yet "incredible beauty persists, and it's easy to find quiet, charming villages." Still, "increased population pressure and beach erosion are issues."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Great coastal area with sunny, warm weather. Unfortunately, human pressure is very high, especially in the peak summer season, and this alters both the scenery and the pleasure of visiting. Quality of the coastal waters is low."
"Off-season the Riviera is fantastic—weather, people, culture, history, coast, food. In-season (June through August) it becomes more and more crowded and spoiled: The roads are congested, the villages full. The mass spread of cheap housing hasn't helped the landscape, with the coastal areas virtually built-up."
"In spite of a long history as a tourism destination, the area has managed to maintain much of its cachet (culture, built environment, hinterland agriculture). People are willing to put up with summer traffic jams for that reason, as well as for the sunny weather and the sea. Traffic and crowds both significant problems. Wonderful perched villages. Could be more coordination of marketing and product development to facilitate sustainable objectives."
Germany: Bavarian Alps
Score: 77
"A great place to get lost in a remote village and get to know the locals." Balanced tourist development and environmental protection are strengths, even at popular attractions, but traffic woes are mounting. Hiking is the way to go.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Spectacular scenic appeal, yet the transport corridors don't facilitate scenic stops. The locals seem to appreciate travelers and try to facilitate positive experiences. The area has a very high aesthetic appeal. Great place to get lost in for a week in a remote village and get to know the locals."
"Main difficulties are related to traffic. Some are related to climate change."
"Great natural beauty, respect for nature, and well-planned and sustainable land use. Hiking the countryside is a main attraction. Vast network of small, local establishments catering to tourists. Seems to maintain character well."
"I visited several hiking destinations in the Garmisch-Partenkirchen and Tegernsee area. Good hiking paths, nature conservation works well, minor difficulties with private transport on weekends."
Rugged Mount Parnassus is the place to see "outstanding" Greek ruins without "being pushed along by crowds." The site is praised for its "top-notch" museum and "spirit of place" but faulted for inadequate interpretation.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Beautifully cared-for archaeological site that one can explore at a pleasant pace, as opposed to being pushed along by crowds. In part I think this is because there is openness to the visitor flow; there is not a corridor that one must follow. There is no predatory vending, either. The museum is top-notch. Artifacts are well conserved and presented, and the building itself is airy and pleasant. A bit more attention could be paid to the overall significance of the site, however."
"The setting is stunning—overlooking a beautiful valley. Local transportation (bus) from Athens made it very accessible. Lots of options to stay in local pensions and eat at small, local restaurants. A world-class site of immense historical significance."
"Potential for a good interpretation program for visitors at the museum, although a minority of visitors takes full advantage. Tourist numbers are considerable, but the archaeology and historical context of Delphi are maintained. Commercial tourist facilities have been kept at an appropriate distance, perhaps as much a result of topography as consistent planning."
"The site is accessible by steep paths going up and down the hillside, so it is not for the faint of heart to climb the entire site. Maintenance is by the Greek government, but the locals are very mixed into the economy of the tourist trade."
Greece: Athens Acropolis
Score: 57
Panelists voiced familiar complaints about air pollution and crowding along with a sense that "central Athens and the Acropolis have improved immeasurably" since the 2004 Olympics. A new museum answers concerns about indifferent interpretation. In the end, "the Acropolis still amazes and humbles."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"One of the great treasures of European culture. However, a recent visit made me think that it may be submerged by endless busloads of visitors, and that some measures should be taken to slow their flow if the monuments are to be preserved (for instance, charging higher fees for visitors)."
"For such an interesting and important site, I was disappointed by the lack of interpretive features that help reveal its importance. Could not detect that the resource has any relevance to the local community other than as a tourist attraction that promotes the sale of cheap souvenirs in the adjacent Plaka area."
"Being an ancient construction in the midst of one of Europe's most intense and vibrating traffic jams—inhaling the combustion gases into its marble tissues every day of the year—is a challenge for the Acropolis. Recent and ongoing renovation has enhanced the place's beauty and resistance to threats, while the replacement of sculptures by copies has reduced the level of authenticity."
"Central Athens has improved immeasurably since my first visit 30 years ago. The improvement in air quality is one obvious sign of progress, and it is somehow easier now to find secluded shady corners in and around the Plaka. The Acropolis itself seems to be under permanent rebuilding, and has been partially covered in scaffolding every time I have visited over the past 30 years. Visitor orientation around the Acropolis site still remains poor and the limited provision of drinking-water facilities is an issue"
"One of the most picturesque destinations in the world"—but to stay that way it "needs to develop a willingness to say 'no' to increased mass tourism." The roads, sewage system, beaches, and main city can't handle any more.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"One of the most sensational sites in the world. The towns are beautifully maintained. The beach area could be improved. But the island is overrun with tourists and the road is crowded—a bit of a madhouse."
"A charming experience for the traveler who looks beyond the surface, but poorly interpreted. Locals admit the tourist trade keeps them solvent, but the tourist experience is not packaged well nor does it reveal the significance or depth of the island resource."
"The main city (Thira) has been given over to mass tourism and has lost much of its essential character. The north end of the island (Oi) has maintained much of its character and beauty, but day trippers (especially cruise tourists) are having a negative impact on the quality of the sight and its enjoyability for locals and land-based visitors."
"The visitor can easily enjoy a 2-hour lunch or a casual cappuccino while viewing the sea and the island's architecture, despite its extraordinary popularity. A rare blend in a magnificent setting."
"The ecological problems on Santorini relate to the lack of a fresh-water source due to the absence of aquifers on this volcanic island. Water is transported from the mainland at considerable cost and trucked to holding tanks in hotels and restaurants."
Greece: Crete, North Coast
Score: 51
Endowed with archaeological, natural, and historical assets, the coast is "relatively intact" and "the story of such places as Knossos are well presented." But it is "more and more like a bad imitation of the worst of the Spanish coast."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"The eastern portion of Crete's northern coast is generally better protected, but there is considerable over-development to the immediate west of Hania. Villages on the coast and inland to the east of Hania are threatened by a rash of second-home and vacation developments that are substantially changing the character of village life. The local economy in the latter area is thriving, but further development would be a major threat to social and cultural integrity."
"We saw Knossos and the museum in Heraklion. Knossos is overwhelmed with tourists and has been restored to the vision of Sir Arthur Evans circa 1900. The museum is old-fashioned but has most of the wonderful materials from the area and is truly a treasure. The areas are sustainable because the Greek government rightly places a great deal of emphasis on them."
"In contrast with Athens, the north coast of Crete remains relatively intact. Considering the amount of significant structures here, they are in very good repair. The story of Knossos is well presented. Tourism development is certainly visible, but more at the beach-resort areas. Ecologically, there is much to learn here."
"While the historic places are looked after reasonably well, the natural environment does not receive any consideration. Sewage systems are almost nonexistent or very bad and, consequently, so is the water quality in some areas. Cretans, you need to look after your natural environment!"
Ireland: Ring of Kerry
Score: 71
"Rural green Ireland is quickly disappearing," but not along this 105-mile route through the southwest of the isle. You'll find "quaint villages," "sweeping views of the sea," and the "delightful" Kerry Way hiking path—but also numerous tour buses and unfortunate road expansions.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"One of the landscape delights of Ireland, indeed Europe. Of course, some of the attraction is impeded by the volume of tourists. The visualscape is memorable. Some parts of the Ring are hardly attractive in inclement weather, but the underlying landscape is very appealing. The small townships are intriguing, but they are also in danger of becoming too commercialized."
"When I was in Ireland several years ago, they were having a drought, and the Emerald Isle was more brown than green! Yet the Ring of Kerry still oozed its magic and beauty. Most fascinating were the deserted houses and villages that had fallen victim to the Potato Famine in the 1840s; they have never been reclaimed and are falling into ruins."
"In this land of fiercely independent people who value their poets as highly as their warriors, the Ring of Kerry's landscapes feature sheer cliffs, heavenly green meadows, rocky moonscapes, and roofless abbeys."
"Heavily burdened with tourist traffic in the summer, but fine much of the rest of the year. The "Kerry Way," a famous 215-kilometer walking trail that begins and ends in Killarney, is both delightful and under-trafficked by hikers and more casual visitors. The signage, or lack thereof in spots, leaves something to be desired."
"Tuscany somehow works its magic on every visitor," thanks to its "wonderful landscape," art-filled towns, cuisine, gardens, local character,and, increasingly, agritourism. Even traffic and crowded roads can't break the spell.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"If there is a region in Europe that exemplifies the exact mixture of natural and cultural heritage with harmony and beauty, it is Tuscany. No place else has this harmonious mix between landscape, monuments, and cities. The Italian way of protecting cities and heritage and integrating it into daily life and the modern economy is outstanding."
"A delightful blend of old and new. The people of Tuscany manage to live both their past and their future in a balanced approach that charms tourists and residents alike."
"An art and history lover's paradise. Excellent gastronomy, tangible local pride, not too chaotic a lifestyle. Open countryside is also lovely and well managed and offers interesting agritourism products. I think driving around is the best way to appreciate and enjoy the whole of Tuscany."
"A good quality of life, both for tourists and residents. An incisive policy of protection of the natural and artistic heritage. Perhaps too many tourists in Florence, with carrying-capacity problems in the urban area."
Continues to live up to its reputation as a gorgeous destination that offers a taste of the good life, but facing strains from water pollution and too many cars.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Aesthetically stunning, especially Lake Como, which has retained its historical features. The small towns around the Lake, although inundated annually with tourists, appear to go about their lives in an unaffected way. Cultural habits, like the siesta period, have not been abandoned to suit the needs of the tourist. The Italians are very good at retaining their culture and their physical history."
"The hiking and the polenta are superb. It is a shame that the lakes are too polluted to swim in."
"Area has maintained much of its character and beauty. However, there are pockets that are becoming over-developed. Centers such as Lugano, Locarno, and Como, and smaller towns such as Bellagio and Mennagio feel as though they are extending beyond their limit. Roads should be improved—hair-raising driving north along Lake Como."
Italy: Venice and Lagoon
Score: 51
A one-of-a-kind treasure that is imperiled by floods, rising sea levels,water pollution, the exodus of longtime residents, and a pronounced shift to "day-tripper" tourism. Even with all of those challenges, though, "Venice still ranks high on charm, history, and romance."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Venice is a 'must-see' on everyone's travel list, but the pollution, crowds, erosion, flight of locals, and theme-park-like atmosphere around St. Mark's deflect from the beauty of the place. Better to detour to adjacent islands like Burano, or districts like the Jewish ghetto area, to get a better flavor of this unique lagoon region and its inhabitants. A few years back, the local tourism authority did try to limit the crowds and restrict access. But it seems they keep coming. Perhaps a visiting fee would preserve the city for active stewardship."
"While Venice's aesthetic appeal and cultural history will remain tourist attractions, the city faces overwhelming problems of too many visitors, crowding, and rampant commercialism. The fact that a large proportion (50%?) of the resident population has fled the city is sobering. Environmental quality is clearly a major concern, with an increased incidence of flooding and industrial pollution."
"Preservation efforts are racing against time and climate change as the architecture sinks. The artwork is in extreme danger of permanent damage."
"The city has made a big mistake by allowing huge cruise ships to sail along local waters, eroding canal banks, and to dock, disgorging crowds. Their visual presence, moreover, blows the city's fine urban scale."
Netherlands: Amsterdam Historic Center
Score: 71
This agreeable city, which manages to be both urbane and relaxed, has gained significantly since first ranked in 2004. Our travel experts applaud it for being "environmentally aware" and one of the most pleasantly walkable cities in the world. "Bravo to the Dutch for doing a great job of maintaining their historic core."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Well-preserved historic city that is simultaneously a world city, knowledge hub, commercial emporium, and international port. Buildings are well conserved and presented, yet the services are ultra modern and efficient. Very good urban management and control by Erfgoed Nederland, and inputs by NGOs (nongovernmental organizations) can be experienced everywhere. The Dutch understand how to balance the commercial aspects of heritage with authenticity and integrity."
"Wonderful city that is easy to explore without an automobile. The aesthetic appeal of walking or biking along busy canals and past tall historic buildings, and visiting first-class museums within steps of each other is hard to beat."
"A cultural capital of Europe. Different and daring. Example of a vibrant, progressive, living city. Not for the faint-hearted purist who cannot handle the red-light district."
"Historic center gives little exposure to the Dutch or the living Dutch culture. One, however, need not wander too far from the historic center to find real neighborhoods."
Norway: Fjords Region
Score: 85
The Fjords, which topped the charts in our 2004 rankings, get even higher marks this year. "About as good as can be done,"says one panelist. The gorgeous scenery and the "well-preserved Norwegian rural life" are vigorously protected, plus "the local people seem to benefit." Should keep a wary eye on the growing cruise business.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Visiting this region requires a substantial investment by the international tourist, which keeps visitor levels low and allows for a low level of impact. The cruise and expedition ships are highly responsible, acting also as ferries for local people. Local operators and hoteliers are highly dedicated to traditional culture and educating tourists."
"Environmental quality is at the highest level. Landscape is amazing and aesthetically one of the most beautiful. The icons of Norway are so unique that it is difficult to imagine anything else. The local culture can be seen on the shores and mountains. It gives an ideal overview of well-preserved Norwegian rural life."
"The short tourist season, rugged terrain, limited population, and inherent sensitivity of the locals to the environment bode well for the fjord region."
"Unique, memorable experience, especially at the end of spring when the snow is thawing and the waterfalls are all coming out of the clouds!"
Portugal: Douro Valley
Score: 76
This wine region in northern Portugal charms some with its "historic and natural attractions" and disappoints others with its "suburbanization." Most agree about the region's intact cultural authenticity.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Iconic region for Portuguese wine production. There still are opportunities for development and promotion in the areas of rural tourism, usage of old railways, hiking and biking trails, wine and gastronomy promotion, and domestic tourism."
"One of the world's great undiscovered landscapes. Relatively little tourism and almost no mass-market tourism. Rich in historic and natural attractions that retain an appeal and authenticity. One complaint: In Porto, a giant outdoor advertisement completely covered the largest historic building in the city. It was almost impossible to take a photo of Porto from across the river without including this giant eyesore."
"Biggest environmental problem is the chemical runoff from the vineyards. This may not be visible to the naked eye, but it is of great concern because the Douro River is slowly dying. A destination well suited to boat and 'pedestrian' tourism."
"Indiscriminate bland development is ruining the coast," which often feels more British than Portuguese. Not as bad yet as Spain's Costa del Sol, and there's still an opportunity to save the "unspoiled" town of Tavira.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"This coastal region is a mixture of inappropriate development and efforts to protect the historic towns and countryside. There is a conflict between the demands of mass tourism—rows of cafés selling a full English breakfast in many coastal resorts—and local culture, like hidden restaurants selling authentic Portuguese food at the eastern extremity, close to the unspoiled town of Tavira and the Parque Natural da Ria Formosa."
"Villages like Luz and Burgau, which were once very separate communities, are now virtually joined by new 'urbanizations' of low-rise villas, many of which remain unfinished in the current economic climate. That said, the west coast of the Algarve remains scenically spectacular and relatively undeveloped."
"Although it retains a natural charm, the Algarve is being further impacted by large retirement settlements and traffic volumes."
"Portugal's premier tourism area, the Algarve is very westernized and almost does not feel like Portugal. Sort of a Miami at the entrance to the Mediterranean."
Slovenia
Score: 78
The northernmost of the former Yugoslavia's republics, Slovenia wins praise for being "savvy about balancing tourism with cultural and historical preservation." Ljubljana, the capital, is "colorful, vibrant, and architecturally appealing," and "Slovenia's Alps and wine country remain among the most sustainable and authentic places to visit in Europe."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"A magnificently scenic country with excellent environmental stewardship. It has a high level of integrity in both its natural and constructed beauty. The residents have an outstanding respect for and care of visitors. Since its independence, the country has been on an almost incredible upward climb. I would point to the effective restoration of the forests, rivers and lakes; the art and architecture; the ethics and joy of the people; and the wondrous parks, caves, and mountains."
"Slovenia has spent a great deal of money on its museums as it defines itself as nation. This relatively small country has some world-class museums based on best practices from the greater European museum community."
"The most eclectic, tourism-smart, authentic destination in post-Communist Europe. Topographically and architecturally diverse and very accessible. Along with Estonia, one of the best destinations in the 'old style' of European travel."
"Slovenia is one of Europe's best walking destinations, with well-maintained and well-signed path networks to suit all levels of walkers. Customer-service standards have improved immeasurably in recent years and local cuisine is gradually improving, with less emphasis on cheap pizzas and meat-heavy dishes. Ljubljana is one of Europe's most attractive small capital cities; it has the feel of Prague ten years ago. There is a palpable sense of local identity, although opportunities to experience genuine local culture outside the capital city are limited."
"Emerging from the ashes of communism and the breakup of Yugoslavia, Slovenia's population is primarily Slovene, making it a nation state with historical connections to Austria and Italy from colonial times. Slovenia contained the majority of Yugoslavia's industry and a portion of the state tourism infrastructure. Entering the EU in 2004 and adopting the Euro last year, Slovenia has been able to adopt a western economy and western standards of tourism infrastructure. Slovenia has chosen a more sustainable path in updating its existing infrastructure, maintaining employment for former state employees, and limiting mass-tourism development. Slovenia has some of the most spectacular natural environments in the world. Extensive karstic cave systems are Natural World Heritage sites. Most impressive is the political and cultural capital city, Ljubljana, with its three pedestrian bridges (recently completely shut to traffic) and unique architecture from multiple eras and reflecting diverse influences."
Spain: Medieval Granada and the Alhambra
Score: 78
"The beauty and variety of Granada still astonish me after 40 years of visits." The "magical" palace and gardens of the Alhambra comprise "one of those rare must-see destinations that lives up to the hype." The Alhambra is an innovator in managing tourist numbers; visitors are"absorbed into the urban milieu with little overt impact."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"The Alhambra is one of the most significant cultural and historic treasures in the world. Its location on a hill in the medieval portion of Granada provides stunning views. Wandering up to the former Muslim palace and gardens along winding streets through the old town provides a perspective that has great aesthetic appeal. Visitor numbers to the palace are controlled daily by a quota system."
"Incredible is the word for this magical place. We were, however, quite concerned to see that many, many decorative and plastered wall surfaces and painted surfaces were not protected in any way. Evidence of repeated, prolonged touching had worn away both paint and actual decoration, at some places down to the substrate. The site is extremely heavily visited, and it's apparent that this is taking a toll."
"The Alhambra, beyond being the best example of Nazari architecture, has been developing fairly well for such an important heritage attraction. Over the past few years there has been a trend to value the place and preserve it from previous, undesirable developments."
"The beauty and variety of Granada still astonishes me after 40 years of visiting the place. The city seems to be very serious about its integrity and environment and it shows in the care of the monuments."
"One of those rare 'must see' destinations that lives up to all the hype. Few places as heavily touted as the Alhambra can match their advance billing, but the Alhambra doesn't disappoint—it is magical, all the more if you can book a visit when it's less crowded, and take it all in slowly, preferably over a few days. The rest of Granada is pleasant, especially the Albaicin, from which the views back to the Alhambra are the stuff of dreams."
"Several features stand out immediately. First, the number of tourists is controlled, and their movement within the attraction is timed to avoid crowding, thus preserving the environmental quality and maintaining the aesthetic appeal. Second, the condition of the built heritage is very well preserved; the structures remain almost in their original condition. Third, the town and local population, although removed from the attraction, benefit from the tourists that come to the Alhambra."
"Aggressive land-use planning based on residential tourism has destroyed most of the natural and cultural beauty" that make people want to visit. "There appears to be an effort to stem the tide and even roll back some of the worst excesses."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Costa Brava has suffered greatly from tourism development, but in the past ten years the local population has discovered the necessity of preserving their environmental heritage as the center of the region's sustainability as a tourism destination. The principal hope is the awareness of the local population for a sustainable land-development plan."
"An enormous amount of damage has been wrought by mass tourism on this lovely coast, but there appears to be an effort to stem the tide and even roll back some of the worst excesses. For better or worse, as more and more of the world's coastline is dominated by megaresorts, the Costa Brava's hodge-podge resorts are starting to develop a certain charm. And away from the water, beautiful villages still abound."
"I live on the Costa Brava. Most of this territory has experienced aggressive land-use planning based on residential tourism, which has destroyed most of its natural and cultural beauty. There are few places in which you can still feel something of the old times, and in general the area is going downhill. Still, you can find nice summer cultural events and some beautiful areas, such as the Cap of Creus or the Medes Islands."
"A long-term disaster-in-waiting as buildings and infrastructures age."
"Costa del Concrete" was the big loser in our rankings, staying at the bottom of the list, where it was in 2004. This year it scored even lower, by 10 points. "A textbook example of mass tourism run amok," with high-rise hotels, crammed beaches, water shortages, pollution, and indifference to local culture.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Costa del Sol suffers from poor-quality highrise development dating to the 1960s in places such as Torremolinos,and overdevelopment of the coast, especially during the 1990s and early 2000s. The result is poor aesthetics, pollution, a feeling of crowding, and a stress on scarce water resources. Promotion of sustainable tourism practices will be a real challenge for the future. Nevertheless, there are areas of greater aesthetic appeal and of important cultural and built heritage, especially in and near Marbella. Malaga has important archaeological remains, and the White Towns in the nearby hills are attractive destinations with their architectural heritage and aesthetic appeal."
"The textbook example of mass tourism run amok. Even efforts to undo the worst excesses still only add to the overall levels of development. A cautionary tale."
"The ongoing transformation of Costa del Sol from a mass tourism destination to a quality-based sustainable destination involving the private sector, public sector, and residents, is promising and could revitalize the region as an attractive place to visit and live in."
"Creaking under the weight of Brits and Germans who have retired to this southern Spanish coast, Costa del Sol is likely to suffer as the world economic situation causes them to return home. The area must go more and more down-market to maintain market share (and will do so), but this is an area where volume tourism rules, with little real consideration, it seems, for its impact or need for regulation. Not sustainable."
Switzerland: Engadine Region
Score: 76
"An incredibly beautiful landscape" dotted with mountain villages,including the famous ski resort St. Moritz. Earns high praise for both ecological and social integrity. "The main problem in the Engadine is the increasing number of second homes" that are empty most of the year.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Still an incredibly beautiful landscape, appropriate character, and, it seems, cultural and social integrity still intact."
"Though St. Moritz is becoming a bit too developed, the region has retained its social/cultural integrity and maintains environmental/ecological quality."
"Swiss tourism folks have done a really great job making the Engadine an easy place to visit for foreigners. Everything works, and works well."
"The main problem in the Engadine is the increasing number of second homes that are being built. The settlements are growing and the second homes are empty for most of the year."
Turkey: Cappadocia
Score: 73
This fragile world treasure—an otherworldly landscape of spirelike rock formations housing ancient domiciles—is "beautifully preserved" and "so far appears sustainable," though "the soft volcanic stone into which many of the rooms are carved is porous, erodes easily, and is difficult to stabilize once damaged or cracked."
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Amazingly well-handled outdoor sites, with mass tourism concentrated in well-policed areas and more remote sites open for the adventurous. Excellent opportunities for cross-cultural exchanges and education. On the face of it, the mountain biking and ballooning here should have been everything I hate about tourism, but this was done very, very well."
"I visited Cappadocia in 2001 and again in 2008. It still looked fabulous and fascinating seven years later, though there are more tour buses, conventional hotel blocks, and tourism companies than in my earlier visit."
"The long distance from Turkey's main cities of Istanbul and Ankara keep traffic to this central Turkey locale down to a trickle. Once visitors arrive, however, they're treated to fascinating underground cities and 3rd-century frescoes created by early Christians on the walls of the soft tufa rock."
"Incredible aesthetic appeal and rich history. My impression is that the region is being quite well managed, with some of the vulcanic tufas—outcrop formations—being converted into boutique hotels. A balloon ride over and among the tufas, while expensive, is breathtaking. The underground cities are astonishing as well."
"In addition to the usual problems associated with mass tourism and managing tourism at a large open-air site, the monuments of Cappadocia face particular challenges posed by their material. The soft volcanic stone into which many of the churches and other structures are carved is porous, erodes easily, and is difficult to stabilize once damaged or cracked. Interventions that are aesthetically appealing and preserve the integrity of the monuments are extremely difficult to devise, and some already completed were not successful on those grounds (although some have been successful at stabilizing individual monuments). There is, I believe, far too little funding and expertise available for the site."
Long a top destination for the sailing set, Turkey's southwest coast is feeling "the strain from a massive increase in tourism." Ancient ruins, the scenic seashore, and a relaxed village ambiance are the attractions, but without better management these may disappear beneath a wave of large resorts and cruise-ship docks.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"The Azure Coast of Turkey is gaining a reputation as a tourist destination that delivers. There has been a massive increase in tourism development in the region and there is a danger that the area may become the new Benidorm—an overdeveloped resort town on Spain's Costa Blanca—if this development is not reined in and managed in an appropriate way. Smaller towns, such as Yalikavak, are beginning to take the strain from established destinations like Bodrum and Fethiye, which is having a snowballing effect. But development is still evident in Olu Ata and Olu Deniz, and has changed the character and appeal of these towns. Turkey needs to look at how it can minimize the impact tourism has on the social and cultural heritage of this area. Tourists are not informed of their impact, something that needs to be written into a destination-management plan."
"The ongoing development of the coast raises concerns in some areas; Bodrum, for example, has become an overcrowded St. Tropez. The major attraction in town is the world-class Museum of Underwater Archaeology. Some sites retain major charm and tourism viability, such as the Dalyan peninsula and a number of the ancient ruined cities up and down the coast. The Turkish government and its foreign partners have done much with some sites (Ephesus, for example) but others are lacking. I do not see much that encourages local communities other than tourist shopping. The sites are sustainable only in more remote areas—not so much so in places that are urban."
"Environmental degradation—erosion and deforestation—is apparent. This has probably been going on for at least 2,000 years, however. The most alarming aspect is the march of "little boxes" of condos up the hills outside of towns like Bodrum. Another issue apparent in Turkey is the lack of historical and natural-history context for the visitor, even in Turkish, and even at places like Ephesus."
"The beauty and history along the Turkish coast are fabulous, though the towns and their tourism developments vary considerably. Too much is overdeveloped, with large, often unattractive resorts. But there are still a number of less-developed towns with fine architecture and stunning scenery."
England: Yorkshire Dales
Score: 77
The Dales, much of which form a national park of valleys and villages, stand out as "an icon of sustainable tourism." Visitors are rewarded with "wonderful" farmhouse B&Bs, great hiking opportunities, and "friendly village pubs." But high housing prices are driving away young people, and limited public transportation poses problems.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"The symbiotic relationship between the managed and the natural landscapes here is what perpetuates the appeal of the Dales for visitors and makes it an icon of sustainable tourism development. Ask most visitors, and they won't have realized that much of the landscape is managed, which is a sign of a healthy and appropriate environmental-management plan that includes local stewardship practices. Social and cultural integrity are fiercely supported and nurtured, and intense community pride is evident in every town and village."
"Still largely unspoiled, although southern dales are under weekend pressure from the large conurbation of the Leeds-Bradford area. National park authority very conscious of visitor pressures and generally managing numbers well."
"The city of York is one of the best "hub destinations" in the U.K. It is highly underestimated as a capital city in the classical sense."
"Yorkshire Dales, either the beginning or end of the North Sea-to-Irish Sea walking route, is one of the few places on the planet where humans have improved upon nature. If the B&Bs in town are full, the homeowner standing before you will call friends until you are looked after."
Scotland: The Highlands
Score: 77
Popular with visitors since the time of Queen Victoria, the Highlands don't give "the sense that they're a tourist destination." Local people are part of the attraction and "appear to be in control of development for their benefit." Second homes and nonlocal workers in the hospitality industry have begun to threaten the authenticity.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Surely one of the most spectacular regions in the world. The landscape and scenery, the small townships, the heritage links (including those highlighted by such recent films as Braveheart) provide this region with endless attractions. For the most part, the landscape and environment have not been seriously harmed by commercialization, and the opportunities for local involvement in tourism enterprises makes this region particularly well positioned for landscape conservation and economic development."
"The Highlands score well in terms of environmental and ecological quality, and for social/cultural integrity. The region has exceptional aesthetic appeal. Local heritage is fascinating and protected by national bodies. Tourism is honeypotted; it is more traditional and authentic farther away from the main centers. The government has a goal of making Scotland Europe's most sustainable destination."
"As a Scotsman I am often embarrassed by what visitors experience in the Scottish Highlands. The scenery remains spectacular if somewhat melancholy, but visitors are more likely to be served here by East Europeans than by locals, many of whom seem to resent visitors. There are few genuine villages, particularly on the west coast, where communities generally feature scattered houses with no real central focus. Fort William is one of the drabbest places on the planet, and Aviemore remains a clumsy and unsuccessful attempt to graft a new, purpose-built resort on an attractive natural environment."
"Despite the decline in traditional industries and farming in many areas of the highlands, the area has captured the trend toward sustainable tourism well, integrating diversification into the cultural and tourism vocabulary."
"The highland estates need to be broken up and there needs to be an improved capacity for housing to repopulate the landscape to reflect its heritage better. The reintroduction of some species, such as beavers, is fantastic and should be done alongside efforts to regrow the Caledonian forest."
"I was gobsmacked by the beauty of the Welsh countryside," says one panelist. "Extraordinary, verdant, and with 500,000 Welsh speakers," chimes in another. The only drawbacks seem to be rainy weather and environmental degradation from mining.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Stunning landscape and strong sense of place and cultural identity. Economic sustainability has benefited from EU funding. I have worked with local residents on cultural heritage; there is a strong sense of ownership and cultural identity linked to heritage and landscape."
"The requirement for both English and Welsh on signs is what makes this region. Visitors have a sense of history as well as contemporary life (which in some cases don't differ very much)."
"Some good individual initiatives and local policies, but fragmented by a lack of leadership. Rural areas mostly outstanding, but some real problems in urban areas. Needs more connection."
"The Welsh are among the happiest people I've met. Any pub in Wales will welcome visitors and entertain them with the local natural knack for storytelling and singing."
"A beautiful, scenic part of the world, with lovely people and communities, where sustainability looks to be possible in many parts. Cultural heritage is clear (and clearly promoted), and supported by locals. Reasonable efforts to ensure sustainability of environmental and social qualities; some larger urban areas face some difficulties, but overall, future sustainability outlook is positive."
"A veritable mix of industrial and rural environments that provide quite diverse cultural backgrounds. Some coastal towns overdeveloped for tourism; others lack quality tourism facilities, although this is changing. Comparable to Ireland and Scotland, but not as well known or commercialized."
Marvelous diversity on a relatively small sliver of land, ranging from tin mines with World Heritage status, to celebrated gardens, coast trails, and architecturally rich towns like St. Ives. Also here: overloaded beaches and "tacky" Land's End.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Cornwall has become very popular with second-home owners, surfers, and domestic and international tourists in the past few years. Since the area is essentially one of unspoiled countryside and farmland with narrow roads and small settlements, it is hard to see how this trend can be maintained without severe impacts on the environment. Places like St. Ives are already struggling to cope with the volume of people and traffic, and some of the more accessible beaches and towns are overcrowded at peak times. Tourism here is highly seasonal, with a beach/coastal focus; a wider focus might be more sustainable. Transport in Cornwall is difficult; most tourists need a car to get around. This will be a big problem if numbers continue to rise."
"Environmental/ecological quality is high, although there are concerns about the water quality of the most popular beaches, some of which failed EU standards for 2009. The tourism economy continues to flourish with EU funding, and many small, farm-based tourism businesses have diversified. The Eden Project has had a beneficial effect, as has the World Heritage designation for the Cornish Tin Mines."
"This is a mixed bag of aesthetically pleasing areas and fascinating heritage sites and places (both folklore and industrial), but there are also some very "tacky" developments, such as at Lands End. There are accessibility problems in some of the coastal and rural areas (narrow roads, "overcrowded" with vehicles during peak vacation season). Recent Historic Landscape Characterization studies should be able to underpin sensible planning policies."
"Generally excellent on all criteria, though there are problems in the most popular tourism locations, where the purchase of second/holiday homes has driven prices out of reach of local residents."
"One of the most significant World Heritage sites," a place of "spiritual energy" that is compromised by busy roads right around it. In spite of this, many people find it a moving experience.
Here is a representative sampling of additional anonymous comments from the panelists. They are not necessarily the views of the National Geographic Society:
"Stonehenge is an iconic landmark, governed by robust management. The visitor experience is intensely managed, but with a certain amount of "herding" that diminishes the experience of the place. The plans for the site seem to be well considered from the perspectives of landowners, visitors, and archaeological integrity and seek to replace the current inadequate and tired facilities with others that can assist in the management of the massive visitor figures each year."
"For nearly 50 years I have been drawn back to this place, and it continues to delight. Sure, it was possible to walk among the stones once, but with the numbers of visitors now involved that is no longer possible. The pathways and unobtrusive facilities are excellent and a model of what can be done by serious people."
"Good environmental control. High pressure from tourism but good strategies in place for their distribution in the landscape. New management plan shows a vision for the place built upon sustainability."
"The number of buses filled to the brim with tourists must be managed if this site is to be preserved for the future. Too many access points and roads. Stonehenge is supposed to be a place of spirituality—not Hyde Park Corner."